South Africa established separate education systems for Blacks, Whites and Coloreds. Non-white education systems were seriously underfunded. 1984 per capita spending on white children was 1,654 SAR, black children 234 SAR.

Israel has established separate Hebrew and Arab education systems. A 2005 study showed that within Israel, Jewish students receive 4,935 Israeli Shekels per year in education funding while Arab students receive 862.